Anadema

 

                                                                                                 Latin II

 Posted 6 May.

Copy in notebook.

Translations due Monday, 10 May (along with Indirect Question skill sheet)

      

 

 

A Relative Clause which simply states a fact (i.e. it does not describe its antecedent in terms of a particular character or kind) governs the Indicative.

Adjectival in nature, it may be

 a) restrictive 

         or

    b) non-restrictive  clauses.

 

 

Milites quibus Caesar praemia dedit fortes erant.

 

Milites,quibus Caesar praemia dedit, fortes erant.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A Relative clause modifies an antecedent to which it is connected by a relative pronoun.

(qui    quae    quod, etc.)

 

1.The relative pronoun must agree with its

   antecedent in gender and number.

 

2. However, its case must reflect the

    grammatical function it has within its own

    clause.

 

 

 

 

 

Puer, qui ad te venit, frater meus est.

         

          ….cuius verba audivisti……

         

          ….cui auxilum dedisti….

         

          ….quem vides…..

         

          ….de quo locuti sumus….

 

 

 

 

There are also Relative Clauses that govern the Subjunctive to express more complex meanings:

To date:

 

1.    Relative expressing purpose, often after

Verbs of motion and action.

 

2. Relative expressing purpose with QUO and

a comparative.

 

 

Caesar duas legiones reliquit ut castra defenderent.

 

 

 

Caesar duas legiones reliquit quae castra defenderent.

 

 

 

 

Alexander equitatum mittit ut hostium impetum sustineat.

 

 

 

Alexander equitatum mittit qui hostium impetum sustineat.

 

 

 

 

Dux pontem fecit ut exercitum trans flumen facilius traduceret.

 

 

 

 

Dux pontem fecit quo exercitum trans flumen facilius traduceret.

 

 

 

 

Festinas ut celerius advenias.

 

Festinas quo celerius advenias.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A Relative Clause of Characteristic – which governs

 

the Subjunctive-  describes the antecedent in terms of

 

a particular kind, quality,or trait.

 

 Also known as a ‘characterizing clause,’ it does not        

 

 state a fact about its antecedent; rather, it identifies               

 

 something true about the antecedent, but a little less      

 

concrete.

 

 Its express purpose is to complete the sense of the

 

 main clause by characterizing the antecedent, i.e.

 

 by indicating the type of person or thing to which

 

 the antecedent belongs.

 

 

          

Sunt qui tam acerba numquam dicunt.

 

 

 

 

 

Sunt qui tam acerba numquam dicant.

 

 

 

Brutus erat qui pecuniam tibi dedit.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brutus erat qui pecuniam daret.

 

 

 

 

Non sum  qui periculum mortis timeo.

 

Non sum qui periculum mortis timeam.

 

 

 

 

 

Common among such antecedents are:

 

Is est (qui)….   He is the kind/sort of man who...

 

Nemo est (qui)… There is no one who…

 

Nihil est (quod)… There is nothing which…

 

Qui est (qui)….?    Who is there who…?

 

Sunt (qui)….           There are people who…

 

Nemo invenitur (qui)…There is no one who…

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

N.B.  The antecedent is –often - general, vague,

 

         indefinite. For this reason, then, the pronoun  is (ea,

        

         id) meaning  a man, a person, one, is so often used

 

        as the antecedent to the relative clause in such

 

cases.

 

 

Is est qui haec dicit.

 

 

Is est qui haec dicat.

 

Cicero est qui haec dixit.

 

Cicero est qui haec diceret.

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.Nemo est qui sine amico bene vivere possit.

 

 

 

 

2.Ariovistus, Germanorum rex, is non erat qui Romanos timeret.

 

 

 

 

3.Nemo reperietur qui miserum se velle esse dicat.

 

4.Quis reperietur qui satis omnium rerum habere dicat?

 

 

 

 

5.Quis est qui libertatem non velit?

 

6.Sunt qui Horatium maiorem esse Vergilio arbitrantur.

 

 

7.Qualis vir scelera huius modi facere audeat?

 

 

8.Non is est qui de inimici morte gaudeat.

 

9.Quae lex  tam acerba est quae has poenas imponat?

 

10.Adsunt qui haec non probent.

 

 

N.B. Seqence of Tense governs Characteristic Clauses.

        Review  sequence rules Textbook pp.501-502.