Posted 6 May.
Copy in notebook.
Translations due Monday, 10 May (along with Indirect Question skill sheet)
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A
Relative Clause which simply states a fact (i.e. it does not describe its
antecedent in terms of a particular character or kind) governs the
Indicative. Adjectival
in nature, it may be a)
restrictive
or
b) non-restrictive clauses. |
Milites quibus Caesar
praemia dedit fortes erant.
Milites,quibus Caesar
praemia dedit, fortes erant.
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A
Relative clause modifies an antecedent
to which it is connected by a relative pronoun. (qui
quae quod,
etc.) 1.The
relative pronoun must agree with its
antecedent in gender and number. 2.
However, its case must reflect the
grammatical function it has within its own
clause. |
Puer, qui ad te venit, frater meus est.
….cuius verba audivisti……
….cui auxilum dedisti….
….quem vides…..
….de quo locuti sumus….
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There
are also Relative Clauses that govern the Subjunctive to express more
complex meanings: To
date: 1.
Relative expressing purpose,
often after Verbs
of motion and action. 2.
Relative expressing purpose with QUO
and a
comparative. |
Caesar duas legiones
reliquit ut castra
defenderent.
Caesar duas legiones
reliquit quae castra
defenderent.
Alexander equitatum mittit ut
hostium impetum sustineat.
Alexander equitatum
mittit qui
hostium impetum sustineat.
Dux pontem fecit ut
exercitum trans flumen facilius traduceret.
Dux pontem fecit quo
exercitum trans flumen facilius
traduceret.
Festinas ut celerius advenias.
Festinas quo celerius advenias.
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A
Relative
Clause of Characteristic – which governs the
Subjunctive- describes the
antecedent in terms of a
particular kind,
quality,or trait. Also
known as a ‘characterizing clause,’ it does not state
a fact about its antecedent; rather, it identifies something
true about the antecedent, but a little less concrete. Its
express purpose is to complete the sense of the main
clause by characterizing the antecedent, i.e. by
indicating the type of person or
thing to which the
antecedent belongs. |
Sunt
qui tam acerba numquam dicunt.
Sunt
qui tam acerba numquam dicant.
Brutus
erat qui pecuniam tibi dedit.
Brutus
erat qui pecuniam daret.
Non
sum qui periculum mortis timeo.
Non
sum qui periculum mortis timeam.
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Common
among such antecedents are: Is est
(qui)…. He is the
kind/sort of man who... Nemo est
(qui)… There is no one who… Nihil est
(quod)… There is nothing which… Qui est
(qui)….? Who is
there who…? Sunt
(qui)….
There are people who… Nemo
invenitur (qui)…There is no one who… |
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N.B.
The antecedent is –often - general, vague,
indefinite. For this
reason, then, the pronoun is
(ea,
id)
meaning a
man, a
person, one,
is so often used
as the antecedent to the relative clause in such cases. |
Is est qui haec dicit.
Is est qui haec dicat.
1.Nemo est qui sine amico
bene vivere possit.
2.Ariovistus, Germanorum rex,
is non erat qui Romanos timeret.
3.Nemo reperietur qui
miserum se velle esse dicat.
4.Quis reperietur qui satis
omnium rerum habere dicat?
5.Quis est qui libertatem
non velit?
6.Sunt qui Horatium maiorem
esse Vergilio arbitrantur.
7.Qualis vir scelera huius
modi facere audeat?
8.Non is est qui de inimici
morte gaudeat.
9.Quae lex
tam acerba est quae has poenas imponat?
10.Adsunt qui haec non
probent.
N.B. Seqence of Tense governs Characteristic Clauses.
Review sequence rules Textbook pp.501-502.